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PREVALENCE, PUBLIC HEALTH AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CYSTICERCUS BOVIS IN BANBASI MUNICIPAL ABBATOIR, BENISHANGUL GUMUZ , WESTERN ETHIOPIA

Ramadan Teshome, Asmamaw Aki* and  Hissa Dingeta

*Assosa, Regional Animal Health Diagnostic and Research Laboratory. P.O.BOX 326, asmamawaki@gmail.com, cellphone +251-902330029

ABSTRACT:  Across-sectional study was conducted on Prevalence, Public Health and Economic Significance of Bovine cysticercosis at Banbasi Administrative Town, Benishangul Gumuz Region, western Ethiopia from October 2024 to June 2025 in Banbasi District local Slaughter House, to estimate the prevalence of Cysticercus bovis, economic impact, and public health significance with respect to knowledge, attitude and practice of beef consuming habit. The overall prevalence of Cysticercus bovis was 19.79% (76/384). There was significant difference (P<0.05) in C.bovis  and with origin, age factor, and body conditions. Non- significant difference (P >0.05) was reported in Cysticercosis and risk factor (cyst size, sex, and sanitary condition). Higher Cysticercus bovis cyst occurrence was recorded (28.57%) in greater than 9 years, followed by 21.83% in 5-9 years age.  Higher (33.33%) C. bovis occurrence was recorded in poor body conditions, followed by medium (29.41%) and good body condition (12.77%). Based on the origin of cattle, higher C. bovis occurrence was recorded (26.61%) in Banbasi town, followed by 19.48% in Keshmando and around Banbasi (12.26%)(P<0.05).  In majority of animals harboring C. bovis, had the tendency to be located more in shoulder (32.89%), heart (22.36%), tongue (17.10%) followed by liver (11.84%), massetor (9.21%) and lung (6.57%).  In the present study, the dominant cyst size categories were small size 60 (78.94%), followed by medium 14(18.42%) and large 2(2.63%).  Of 76 Cysticercus bovis, 53 (69.73%) were fertile, of these; 25 (47.16%) were viabile and 28(52.83%) were non viable. Besides this, 23 (30.26%) were non - fertile or degenerated cysts, of these; 14 (60.86%) were sterile and 9(39.23%) were calcified cysts. The present questionaire survey indicated that, Taeniasis was a serious zoonotic disease because of raw meat consuming habit, as Kurt, kitfo and Dulet (P>0.05). Hence, consumers‟ preference of these parts of the meat due to palatability, look or other factors has a significant contribution for increasing risk of infection by the parasite. Therefore, the presence of bovine cysticercosis and its public health hazards needs increased awareness on thier knowledge and beef consuming practices and the health impact of the cyst occurrence to safeguard the community.

[Ramadan Teshome, Asmamaw Aki and  Hissa Dingeta. PREVALENCE, PUBLIC HEALTH AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CYSTICERCUS BOVIS IN BANBASI MUNICIPAL ABBATOIR, BENISHANGUL GUMUZ , WESTERN ETHIOPIA. Life Sci J 2026;23(7):1-25]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 01. doi:10.7537/marslsj230726.01

Keywords:   Abattoir; Banbasi; Cattle; cysticercosis; KAP; Taeniasis

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Evaluation of CD4 T-Cell Counts and Plasma Viral Load in People Living with HIV in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria

¹Ewa-Udu Nwanneka Eleje, ²Enya Emmanuel, ¹Okonko Blessing Jachinma, ¹Ukanwa Chika Clement & ^1&3Okonko Iheanyi Omezuruike

¹Medical Microbiology & Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Madonna University Nigeria, Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria

²Medical Microbiology & Epidemiology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria

³Virus & Genomics Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria

Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to pose a major public health challenge globally, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where monitoring immunological and virological markers is essential for evaluating treatment outcomes. This study evaluated CD4⁺ T-cell counts and plasma viral load among people living with HIV (PLHIV) attending the Federal Medical Centre in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. A total of 200 HIV-infected individuals were enrolled in the study. Socio-demographic data were obtained using structured records, while immunological and virological parameters, including CD4⁺ T-cell count and plasma HIV viral load, were analysed. Statistical associations between viral load suppression and socio-demographic variables were assessed using the Chi-square test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The socio-demographic characteristics revealed that females constituted the majority of the study population (69.5%), while males accounted for 30.9%. The largest age group was 41–50 years (35.0%), followed by 31–40 years (26.5%), ≥51 years (24.5%), and ≤30 years (14.0%). Most participants were single (54.5%), while 39.5% were married. The population was predominantly Christian (70.5%). Educational attainment showed that 34.0% had secondary education, 28.0% had no formal education, 20.5% had tertiary education, and 17.5% had primary education. Occupationally, students represented the largest group (36.0%), followed by employed individuals (35.0%). Immunological assessment indicated that the majority of participants (71.0%) had CD4⁺ T-cell counts greater than 350 cells/µL, while 18.0% had counts between 201–349 cells/µL and 11.0% had counts below 200 cells/µL. Virological analysis showed that 23.5% of participants had target not detected viral load, while 57.5% had viral loads below 40 copies/mL. Overall, 94.5% of participants achieved viral load suppression (<1000 copies/mL), whereas 5.5% had unsuppressed viral load. Statistical analysis revealed no significant association between viral load suppression and socio-demographic variables (p > 0.05). Similarly, although viral suppression improved with higher CD4 counts, the relationship between CD4 T-cell count and viral load suppression was not statistically significant (χ² = 2.31, p = 0.31). These findings demonstrate high levels of viral suppression and relatively preserved immune status among PLHIV receiving antiretroviral therapy in Umuahia, highlighting the effectiveness of ongoing HIV treatment programs.

[Ewa-Udu Nwanneka Eleje, Enya Emmanuel, Okonko Blessing Jachinma, Ukanwa Chika Clement & Okonko Iheanyi Omezuruike. Evaluation of CD4 T-Cell Counts and Plasma Viral Load in People Living with HIV in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. Life Sci J 2026;23(7):26-36]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 02. doi:10.7537/marslsj230726.02

Keywords: Evaluation; CD4 T-Cell Counts; Plasma Viral Load; HIV; Umuahia; Nigeria

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REVIEW ON MAJOR METACESTODES OF CATTLE

Asmamaw Aki *,  Adisu Muleta, Remedan Teshome

Assosa, Regional Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory, P.O.BOX 326, Cellphone +251902330029, asmamawaki@gmail.com

Abstract: Taeniasis and hydatidosis are parasitic zoonoses that present major public health problems in lower income countries. Hydatidosis (cystic echinococcosis) caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosis’s the most widespread parasitic zoonoses. The larval stage of this tapeworm has both public health and economic significance. Human cysticercosis is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the parasite (Taenia solium). Bovine cysticercosis refers to the infection of cattle with metacestodes of the human tapeworm. The clinical effect of cysticercosis on infected animal is generally not significant, however, in addition to the effect on human health, economic losses may be high due to the condemnation of heavily infected carcasses and the necessity to freeze or boil infected meat, restriction of export and herd quarantine. Hydatidosis is a zoonotic infection caused by adult or larval stage of cestode belonging to the genus Echinococcus. Annual economic losses from hydatidosis, cysticercosis and taeniasis in beef considering losses from cost of organ and offal condemnation and from carcass weight. Diagnostic Techniques for Cestodes and Metacestodes includes, meat inspection, Detection of antibodies by ELISA Serological test, Molecular Diagnosis of Cestodes and Metacestodes. Controlled grazing, avoiding use of sewage effluent to fertilize pasture, prevents infection in cattle.  Besides this, meat inspection, abstinence from eating raw meat and freezing the infected carcass for prevention of human infection was vital. Treatment varies with country and facilities available and includes: Freezing, heating, Steamed at moderate pressure, and salting. 

[Asmamaw Aki,  Adisu Muleta, Remedan Teshome. REVIEW ON MAJOR METACESTODES OF CATTLE. Life Sci J 2026;23(7):37-55]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 03. doi:10.7537/marslsj230726.03

Key words: C. bovis; metacestode; Hydatid cyst

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Biological Indicators in Meteorological and Seismological Forecasting: Animal-Based Early Warning Systems for Climate and Natural Hazards: A review and revisit

Gangadhara Rao Irlapati

8. No.5-30-4/1, Saibabanagar, Jeedimetla, Hyderabad - 500 055, Telangana,  India.

Email: gangadhar19582058@gmail.com

Abstract:  The science of using animal behavior as an early warning system for natural disasters and climate changes is a field of biometeorology and bio-seismology that analyzes how animals detect environmental cues—such as vibrations, electromagnetic field changes, or atmospheric pressure shifts—long before humans or instruments can. Animals possess heightened senses, allowing them to detect infrasound (low-frequency sound), electromagnetic changes, or seismic P-waves (primary waves) before damaging S-waves (secondary waves) arrive. Unusual, restless behaviors, or, in some cases, the sudden departure of animals (like goats, dogs, cows, and toads) are common indicators of impending earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions. I have done much research and studies on this biometeorology and bio-seismology and made some proposals in this research paper to predict the climate changes and natural calamities in advance as outlined below. This paper is composed of updated additional information and analysis with new data comparing with current developments and discusses some more about Biological forecasting.  I concluded with an appeal to the future scientific community I mentioned at the end, as things turned tragic, illness, and time carried me toward life’s end in silence and neglect. If humanity ever learns to recreate the minds of those lost to time, remember me—and all who sacrificed their lives for science—so we may one day return to witness your triumphs and be proud of your achievements and complete the dreams we could not finish.

[Gangadhara Rao Irlapati. Biological Indicators in Meteorological and Seismological Forecasting: Animal-Based Early Warning Systems for Climate and Natural Hazards: A review and revisit. Life Sci J 2026;23(7):56-165]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 04. doi:10.7537/marslsj230726.04

Keywords:  Ecological Forecasting Time Scales (1965-70); A New Model of Cosmology (1970-80); Basics of Geoscope (1980-87); Basics of Monsoon Time Scales (1987-91); Astro-Climatic Numerical Periodic Tables (1991-2000); Designs of Geoscope (2000-2015); Designs of Global Monsoon Time Scales (2015-still)

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