Life Science Journal
Volume 8 - Number 1, Supplement, January 10, 2011, ISSN: 1097-8135
Cover Page, Introduction, Contents, Call for Papers; editor@sciencepub.net
Life Science Journal 8(S1) Full Text
Contents
#1
Capacity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea Strains and
their Method of Application on Striga hermonthica-infested
Maize and Sorghum
Babalola Olubukola Oluranti
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science
and Technology, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho,
South Africa, 2735.
Email:
olubukola.babalola@nwu.ac.za;
Tel: +27183892568; Fax:+27183892052
Abstract:
One variety of Maize (8338-1) and two varieties of Sorghum (CK6OB
and Mokwa local) were grown in potted soils with 3,000 seeds
Striga hermonthica. Three strains of
Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea designated as 16/83,
19/84 and 8/83 were tested for their effects on germination of
S. hermonthica seeds via inoculation. Results showed that
application of bacteria by root dip or seed pelleting method in
Sorghum demonstrated greater heights (~6.72 cm) for all the three
bacteria over the non-inoculated control. For CK60B, average
stover dry weight in the control was the lowest (≤0.71 g/plant).
All the 3 isolates improved stover dry weight (≤2.5 g/pot) over
the non-inoculated control on the Maize host. S. hermonthica
infection indices were significantly different between plants
grown in steam pasteurized soil and those grown in natural soil.
The knowledge of these application methods in reducing sources of
variation in bacterial studies on S. hermonthica is
discussed.
[Life Science Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (01) (ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.01
Keywords:
bacterial treatment; Pseudomonas syringae; root dip;
screenhouse; seed pelleting; Striga
#2
Determinants Of Loan Repayment And Bank
Loan Default Among Small Scale Farmers In
North West Province,
South Africa
Antwi M. Akwasi and Oladele O. Idowu
Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, North-West
University, Mafikeng Campus, 2735
South Africa.
oladimeji.oladele@nwu.ac.za
Abstract:
The study examined the factors which influence loan default among
small scale farmers in
North-West Province,
South Africa. It specifically identifies socio-economic
characteristics of the responded and quantitatively determines
some socio-economic characteristics of farmers that influence the
level of loan defaults. A simple random technique was used to
select 160 farmers from Molopo, Rustenburg, Lichtenburg, Zeerust,
Ganyesa and Kuruman. A structured questionnaire was developed
based on the study objective and related literature to collect
data which were analyzed using frequency count, percentages and
multiple regression analysis. The result shows that farmers had a
mean age of 58.5, and majority had primary education. The mean
monthly income among farmers was R831 while the mean monthly was
R1403. Significant determinants of loan defaults among farmers
were educational level (t= 3.09), monthly expenditure (t = 5.05)
amount of loan (t = 6.11) financial management scale (t= 6.26) and
time of loan disbursement. This implies that the significant
variables should be giving proper policy considerations in order
to improve loan repayment among small scale farmers.
[Life Science Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (02)
(ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.02
Keywords:
small scale farmers, loan default, socio-economic characteristics,
South Africa
#3
Postural analysis of risk of neck and low back pain
of adolescents in a high school in
Pretoria,
South Africa
Useh U 1, Kotsokoane F 2. M, Masenya L.P
2
1
School of Environmental and Health Sciences, North West
University, Mafikeng Campus
Email:
22839968@nwu.ac.za or
efeuseh@gmail.com
2
Physiotherapy Department,
University
of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, P.O. 239, Medunsa 204, Pretoria.
Abstract:
The risk of developing back and neck pain was investigated amongst
84 learners in a high school in
Pretoria,
South Africa. The design of this study was a cross sectional
descriptive study. Ninety percent of the participants reported a
high risk of developing neck pain. The findings of the study
revealed that there is a high risk of back pain at age 14 (100%),
with females (94%) at higher risk than their male (84%)
counterparts. There was a significant association between age and
risk of back pain (p = 0.019). No significant association between
neck pain and age, gender, and hand dominance (p = 0.670; p =
0.286; p = 0.542 respectively), upper back pain and age, gender
and hand dominance (p = 0.904; p = 0.608; p = 0.500 respectively),
and lower back pain and age, gender and hand dominance (p = 0.176;
p = 0.473; p = 0.675 respectively). The prevalence of neck pain
was found to be 35%. [Life Science
Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (03) (ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.03
Keywords:
Postural analysis; Back pain; Adolescents, Ergonomics, School
furniture; Seating designs
#4
Socio-Economic Benefits of Urban Sprawl
in
Mafikeng,
South Africa
Sammy K. Betta*, L.G.
Palamulenia & T.M. Ruhiigaa
aGeography
& Environmental Science, North West University Mafikeng Campus,
Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa,
a*Tell:
+27 722 482 486, a*E-mail address:
skbett@gmail.com
North West University Mafikeng Campus,
Mafikeng, South Africa, Private bag X2046, Mafikeng 2735.
skbett@gmail.com,
lpalamuleni@yahoo.com
Abstract:
The socio-economic impact of urban sprawl has been a major concern
around the world.
This paper reports the benefits of urban sprawl in
Mafikeng, South Africa. Arc Map software was used to evaluate
three spatial images of Mafikeng: 1968, 1996 and 2008. Results
indicate extension of the Central Business District to the
outskirts and an increase in infrastructure development.
Additional benefits include growth in professional services and
the migration of the service sector from the city centre. These
findings have immediate policy and planning implications for urban
development. [Life Science Journal.
2011;8(S1)] (04) (ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.04
Key words:
Central business district; land use planning; road network; air
pollution; traffic congestion
#5
Experiences of Nurses Caring for People Living with HIV and AIDS
in Vhembe district,
Limpopo
Province.
Dorah Ursula Ramathuba 1; Mashudu Davhana- Maselesele
2
1Department
of Nursing, University of Venda, 2Faculty of
Agriculture, Science and Technology, North West University (Mafikeng
Campus) P/Bag X2046; Mmabatho; 2735.
mashudu.maselesele@nwu.ac.za
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the
experiences of nurses caring for people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA)
in Vhembe district, Limpopo Province. A qualitative research
design which was exploratory, descriptive and contextual was used,
with a purposive and theoretical sample of nurses who provided
care in a regional hospital in Vhembe district of Limpopo
Province. Data saturation occurred after in-depth interviews with
fifteen participants, field notes were also used during data
collection. The findings revealed that nurses caring for PLWHA
experience physical, emotional and psychological burden of caring,
lack of social support by colleagues and managers and the need for
education on HIV/AIDS care. Recommendations that are described
focused on supporting nurses to cope in caring through provision
of work-based support programmes. [Life
Science Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (05) (ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.05
Keywords:
Caregivers, caring, HIV and AIDS; nurses
#6
An investigation into the prevalence of
Toxoplasma gondii among indigenous, communally reared goats
in the
Mafikeng area of the
North West
Province of
South Africa.
Rendani V Ndou, Win P S Pelele, Blessing M Dzoma, Mathew Nyirenda,
Lebogang E Motsei, Francis R Bakunzi
Centre of Animal Health Studies, North West University (Mafikeng
Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.
Rendani.ndou@nwu.ac.za
Abstract:
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based study was
conducted to determine the seroprevalance of the zoonotic
infection Toxoplasma gondii in indigenous, communally
reared goats around
Mafikeng.
Sera from 172 goats from 5 areas around
Mafikeng
in the North West Province were tested. The seroprevalence ranged
between 11.1 and 14.8% (ų= 6.4%). Sixty percent of the sampled
areas tested positive, so were 50% of the herds. Only 25% of the
farmers had prior knowledge of toxoplasmosis. Sixty three percent
of the farmers consumed goat milk, while 87.5% slaughtered goats
for own consumption. The prevalence of the infection among goats
raises public health concerns due to the zoonotic nature of the
parasite. Health officials are encouraged to review policies that
involve human exposure to the parasite as well as mount awareness
campaigns about the infection. [Life
Science Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (06) (ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.06
Keywords:
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); infection;
Toxoplasma gondii; toxoplasmosis; parasite
#7
Risk assessment for Salmonella
contamination of pig carcasses in abattoirs in the North West
Province, South Africa
Rendani V Ndou, Lebang Molefe , Blessing M Dzoma, Lebogang Motsei,
Mathew Nyirenda, Francis R. Bakunzi.
Center of Animal Health Studies,
North West
University, Mafikeng Campus, University Road, Mmabatho, 2735.
Rendani.ndou@nwu.ac.za.
Abstract:
One hundred and eighty blood samples were run using the ELISA
method to determine the seroprevalence of Salmonella in
slaughter pigs at various abattoirs in the North West Province of
South Africa. Seroprevalence ranged from 18.8-47.4% (ų= 28.3%),
while 100% of the abattoirs tested positive. Indications were that
infections were occurring at farm level. Further farm level
qualitative investigations are recommended in order to identify
the actual factors associated with the infections. Consideration
should be made for the introduction of Salmonella
monitoring programs at farm level to assist in the prevention of
contamination. [Life Science Journal.
2011;8(S1)] (07) (ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.07
Keywords:
Abattoirs, ELISA; North West Province, pig, Salmonella, Seroprevalence.
#8
Settlement structure and energy access
in rural Sub-Saharan
Africa
Tabukeli Musigi Ruhiiga
Geography & Environmental Science, Mafikeng Campus, North West
University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa,
tabukeli.ruhiiga@nwu.ac.za
ABSTRACT:
The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an
investigation on energy access in rural Sub-Saharan Africa. Three
objectives were advance for this study: to review literature on
rural energy access, comment on energy policy and planning,
identify constraints to increasing rural access and finally,
develop an alternative intervention for the energy sector. The
methodology was based on adaptation of the shortest path model (SPM),
the maximum flow (MFM) model and the minimum cost flow (MCF) model
in network design. Statistics from international organisations on
the energy sector, population, land use and road networks were
handled using correlation analysis to identify key relationships.
The results highlight serious shortfalls in energy provision,
infrastructure, and policy, planning and capital investments in
the energy sector. The absence of a correlation between power
generation, rural energy access, population density and road
density point to the inadequacy of current planning practices.
Current settlement patterns appear to impose constraints on the
optimization of rural energy provision in spite of immense
untapped potential for renewable energy sources. An alternative
integrated energy platform (EAP) based on restructuring
settlement is suggested that could allow for a radical increase in
energy access at national level by exploiting opportunities
provided through rural settlement densification.
[Life Science Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (08)
(ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.08
Keywords:
Installed capacity; grid network; generation; transmission;
distribution; renewable energy; biomass energy
#9
Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS
Techniques in Analyzing the Effects of Rainfall Variability on
Crop Acreage
Nahom G. Fajji1, Ruhiiga, TM 1& Palamuleni,
LG1
1Geography
& Environmental Science, Mafikeng Campus, North West
University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa, E-mail: nahum2jesu@gmail.com
Abstract:
Climate change is a global concern and has a major impact on
overall economic development. This is even more prominent in
developing countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. As one of
the major elements of climatic change, rainfall variability is one
the most unpredictable factor and a common cause of failure in
agricultural production. The impact and the pattern of the
variation in crop acreage changes in this region are investigated
with particular reference to the semi-arid parts of Southern
Africa. Satellite images of
Mafikeng municipal area,
North West Province,
South Africa, are used to detect changes since 1988 with an image
processing tool (ERDAS-Imagine). The resulting output allows for
change detection and image classification for different land cover
classes. The GIS package (Arc Map9.3) was used for mapping and
visualizing the results on the screen and paper. The findings
indicate that the periodic variation and irregularity of rainfall
in the region does not have a particular negative effect on the
size of crop land in the study area. The insights have direct
policy and planning implications for dry land agriculture in the
face of current climatic variations.
[Life Science Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (09) (ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.09
Key words: Climate change; satellite images; land cover change;
Mafikeng
#10
Seasonal weather
events and their impact on buildings around Mafikeng, North West
Province, South Africa
T.H.
Kabanda and L. G. Palamuleni
North West University,
Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, P/Bag X2046,
Mmabatho, South Africa, 2735.
kabandatabaro@gmail.com
Abstract:
The study used time series analysis of climatic data (1978 to
2009) of rainfall, temperature and wind to investigate the impact
of extreme weather events on buildings and their surroundings in
Mafikeng, South Africa. Questionnaires were administered on 100
households in order to establish residents’ experiences on
seasonal weather events. Mafikeng and its environs, belong to arid
climate regions; it features a long term mean seasonal rainfall of
approximately 76mm and it receives a unimodal rain season which
starts in October and end in April of the following year. In this
study, the results reveals that Mafikeng experienced the highest
rainfall during the 1997 with a seasonal rainfall mean of 117 mm
and the lowest rainfall was experienced during the 1991 season (32
mm). The 1997 rainfall resulted into waterlogging and leaking of
roofs in the homes.
Extreme temperatures were experienced in the area during 1992
summer season where the highest mean maximum temperature of 370C
was recorded. Usually the maximum temperature in
Mafikeng
range between 250C and 320C. The lowest
minimum temperature (-7.50C) was observed in 1994
during the cold season. The study identified that the extreme
weather events in Mafikeng are associated with building fatigue,
which resulted into structural damages such as cracked walls,
windblown roofs, dust accumulating indoors from dust storms and
noise pollution. The study highlights the need for maintaining
appropriate building standards, designs and regular review of
standards in Mafikeng and its surroundings in order to address
climate extreme and the climate change issues.
[Life Science Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (10)
(ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.10
Keywords:
Seasonal weather events, Climate change, Mafikeng.
#11
General knowledge and utilization of
Indigenous Leafy Vegetables by villagers in the
Mafikeng area of
South Africa.
Mooketsi, K. and Gestring W.D.
North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735
E-mail:
hopemooketsi@yahoo.com
Abstract:
The role of wild indigenous leafy vegetables (ILVs) for
nutritional and medicinal purposes, and in food security is
recognized in African countries; however, their use and
consumption in South Africa is diminished since they can be
associated with poverty and low self-esteem among rural people.
This study was conducted to investigate villagers’ general
knowledge and utilisation of ILVs through a survey conducted among
thirty randomly selected households in each of three villages (Lokaleng,
Moshawane and Tsetse) in the
Mafikeng
area of South Africa. Data was collected using a structured
questionnaire administered face to face (personal interview) with
the researcher completing the questionnaire as each villager
responded. The results show that all villagers have knowledge of
the most common ILVs. The most common ILVs recognized and used
were Amaranth, V.uinguiculata, C.maxima C.gynandra and
C.album. However, Amaranth, C.gynandra and C.album
were identified as the three most commonly used ILVs as
sources of food.
Most participants (67%) cited that in the presence of both ILVs
and exotic vegetables, they would prefer ILVs for food. This preference of ILVs versus exotic
vegetables was age specific but not gender specific. The youngest
age group of <20 years was the only group which preferred exotic
vegetables (63%). Additionally, it was determined that ILVs were
simply used as found in the wild and were not domesticated.
[Life Science Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (11)
(ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.11
Keywords: knowledge; indigenous leafy vegetables (ILVs); rural
villagers; utilisation
#12
The effects of cattle manure and
harvesting frequency on the growth and yield of Cleome gynandra
Mooketsi, K. and Gestring W.D.
North-West
University,
Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho
2735,
India
E-mail: hopemooketsi@yahoo.com
Abstract: Abstract:
A
study was conducted to determine the
effects of cattle manure and harvesting frequency on the growth
and yield of C. gynandra. The experimental design was a RCB
with four replicates. A factorial experiment of 4 x 3 combinations
was used. Treatment combinations consisted of four manure
application rates (0 ton ha-1, 15 tons ha-1,
30 tons ha-1 and 45 tons ha-1) and three
harvesting frequencies (weekly, bi-weekly and at termination).
Results indicated that cattle manure application had a significant
effect on growth and yield parameters (dry weight, leaf number,
plant height). The highest yield (1.73 g/pot) was obtained with a
45 tons ha-1 application rate which was not
significantly different from the 30 tons ha-1(1.51
g/pot). The highest leaf number (180) was obtained with a rate of
45 tons ha-1, which was not significantly different
from 30 tons ha-1 (173). The greatest plant height
(55.1cm) was recorded for 45 tons ha-1. There was no
significant difference in plant height for 0, 15 and 30 tons ha-1
(43cm, 49cm and 51.2cm, respectively). Harvesting frequency had a
significant effect only on dry weight. There was no significant
difference for yield recorded for weekly or bi-weekly harvests. In
conclusion, the study recommends that farmers use cattle manure at
a 30 tons ha-1 application rate and harvest bi-weekly.
Results established that soil properties (pH, organic
carbon, organic matter, and available phosphorus)
increased with an increase in manure
application and may be a cause of the observed increased yield and
growth of C. gynandra. [Life Science Journal. 2011;8(S1)]
(12) (ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.12
Keywords:
cattle manure; Cleome gynandra; harvesting frequency;
indigenous leafy vegetables.
#13
Do chemical structures of flavonoids
have potential in predicting intake and relative palatability
indices?
HK Mokoboki ,*a and MM Malatjeb
a
Animal Science Programme North West University, Private Bag X
2046, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa
b
Department of Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Private
Bag X 1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
*
Corresponding author.Tel: +2718 389 2744; fax +2718 389 2748
E-mail address: kwena.mokoboki@nwu.ac.za
Abstract:
The main aim of this study was to test the potential of chemical
structures of flavonoids in predicting intake and relative
palatability indices. Six pedi male goats were used in a
completely randomized design to determine intake and relative
palatability indices of Acacia karroo, Acacia nilotica,
Acacia sieberiana, Acacia tortilis, Acacia
rhemniana and hay. Chemical structures were also isolated from
Acacia species using nuclear magnetic resonance. Correlation
analyses were done to establish the relationship between chemical
structure, intake and relative palatability indices. The null
hypothesis for the study was chemical structures of flavonoids
will have a potential in predicting intake and relative
palatability indices. Acacia sieberiana had the highest
intake and relative palatability indices as compared to
A.rhemniana. Leaves from acacia contained carbohydrates,
flavan-3-ols, flavanols and glycosilated flavones. Methyl gallate,
epigallocatechin and catechin gallate had highest correlations
with intake and palatability whilst sucrose and glucose were
weakly negatively correlated to both intake and relative
palatability indices. Luteolin -7-glucoside, rutin and catechin
gallate were not correlated to intake and relative palatability
indices. The results indicated that chemical structures of
flavonoids have potential in predicting intake and relative
palatability indices. [Life Science
Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (13) (ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.13
Keywords:
Flavonoids, intake, relative palatability indices, nutritive
value
#14
Consumers Willingness To Pay For Safety
Labels On Gari (Cassava Roasted Granules) In South
Western Nigeria
Oladele O. Idowu
Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, North –West
University,Mafikeng
Campus,
South Africa
oladimeji.oladele@nwu.ac.za
Abstract:
This paper examines consumers’ willingness to pay for safety
labels on gari in south western Nigeria because of reported cases
of hydrogen cyanide residue leading to food poisoning. The type of
gari processing technique used determines the amount of cyanide
residues. It is important therefore that gari is labeled based on
the processing techniques. The use of labels as in other food
products will however require additional payment by consumers.
From a total of 15 major gari markets, seven were randomly
selected through which 200 gari consumers were randomly selected
for the study. Data were collected using a structure questionnaire
and analyzed using frequency counts, percentages and probit
regression model. The probit regression model is significant (c2
= 2255 df 189, p < 0.05). The model reveals that the
probability of willingness to pay more for safety labels in gari
is positively affected by the prior individual knowledge of safety
labels, income level, education level, household size and
frequency of consumption. However, it is negatively affected by
price and perception of health risks due to cyanide.
[Life Science Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (14)
(ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.14
Keywords:
Willingness to pay, Gari, Food Labels, Nigeria, cyanide
residues.
#15
PCR and sequencing assays targeting mdh and gapA
genes for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella
bacteria species identification in river water from the
North West
Province of South Africa.
Constance Wose Kinge, Moses Mbewe
North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, P. Bag X2046, Mmabatho
2735, South Africa.
Email:
conskinge@yahoo.ca
Abstract:
Rivers carry a significant number of pathogenic bacteria mostly of
faecal origin from untreated sewage that result in faecal
contamination of the natural environment. This study, being the
first of its kind to be reported from the study area, aimed at
performing and evaluating standard PCR and sequencing assays based
on the use of mdh and gapA genes for E.
coli and Klebsiella species identified in the major
rivers in the North West Province of South Africa. A total of 54
water samples were collected between November 2007 and March 2008
from the Crocodile, Elands, Hex, Mooi, Vaal, Molopo, Groot Marico,
Harts and Skoonspruit rivers and cultured on selective media to
isolate E. coli and Klebsiella species using
the standard spread-plate method. Molecular characterisation of
suspected isolates by PCR was performed to amplify an intragenic
segment of the mdh and gapA genes, which detected
E. coli and Klebsiella with a prevalence of 44%
and 29%, respectively among the samples. The presence of these
pathogens, amongst others, in these rivers indicates faecal
contamination. This suggests that the use of untreated water from
these rivers for drinking by humans may pose serious health
problems, including diarrhoea and other water-borne diseases. The
study emphasizes the need to provide potable water supplies
particularly in rural areas, as well as routine monitoring for the
presence of pathogens in these rivers and effective management of
river catchments.
[Life Science Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (15) (ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.15
Keywords:
E. coli, gapA, Klebsiella, mdh,
polymerase chain reaction, human health, and untreated water
#16
Coliform flora in faeces of dogs
presented to the Animal Health Clinic of
North West
University,
Mafikeng
Campus,
South Africa
OLOBATOKE
Roseline, MBEWE Moses
School of Agricultural Sciences,
North West
University, Mafikeng Campus, Mafikeng, 2735, South Africa.
yemisirose205@yahoo.com
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the coliform flora
present in dog feces and their role as a reservoir of
antimicrobial resistance. A total of thirty-one rectal swabs were
randomly obtained from sixty client-owned dogs brought to the
Animal Health Clinic of the North West University, Mafikeng
Campus, during the month of June 2010. The dogs were presented
with complaints varying from routine vaccination to anorexia and
diarrhea. Samples were subjected to routine microbial culture and
isolation procedures, followed by biochemical characterization and
antimicrobial susceptibility testing of obtained isolates. Results
showed the presence of E.coli spp (9.5%), Salmonella spp
(4.8%), Klebsiella spp (33.3%), Enterobacter spp
(19%), Pasteurella multocida (4.8%), Proteus spp
(14.3%), Vibrio spp (4.8%) and Serratia spp (9.5%).
All the isolates were resistant to at least two of the antibiotics
tested. The antibiotics include ampicillin (10
mg),
chloramphenicol (30
mg),
cefuroxime (30
mg), cotrimoxasole (25
mg),
tetracycline (30
mg),
sulphadiazine (200
mg) and clindamycin (2
mg).
The results suggest that dog feces could pose a zoonotic risk to
humans and could also act as reservoir of antimicrobial resistance
genes. It is recommended that dog owners and health workers
particularly immunocompromised persons should exercise care when
handling dog feces. [Life Science
Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (16) (ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.16
Key words:
Faeces, dogs, coliforms, antimicrobial resistance, human,
reservoir
#17
Efficacy of nonfeed deprivation methods
for molt induction in layers
OLOBATOKE Roseline1, MULUGETA Sendros1
1
School of Agricultural Sciences,
North West
University, Mafikeng Campus, Mafikeng, 2735, South Africa.
yemisirose205@yahoo.com
Abstract
This study was aimed at comparing the efficacy of different
nonfeed deprivation molting methods with feed withdrawal in terms
of body weight loss, ovarian regression and post molt layer
performance. A total of 384 Dekalb white laying hens, aged 72
weeks, were used in this study. Birds, which were kept in a 50 x
46 x 45 cm battery cage system, were randomly divided into four
experimental groups. Feed was completely withdrawn from hens in
group one for nine days (FW). Birds in group two were fed alfalfa
meal (AM) for nine days and birds in group three were fed layer
ration containing 20,000 ppm of zinc as ZnO (DZ) for nine days.
From day 10, birds in groups one to three consumed cracked corn
diet until day 28. Birds in the fourth group consumed cracked corn
diet (CC) ad libitum for the 28 days. All the groups were
then returned to normal layer diet ad libitum. Results
indicate that body weight loss and reproductive tract regression
in AM group was quite comparable to that of FW group. These were
significantly lower in CC group. Short-term post molt egg
production revealed significantly higher production in CC group
than FW. There was however no significant difference between
treatments in post molt egg quality, rate of deterioration of
stored eggs, weights of liver, heart and spleen and bird
mortality. In summary, alfalfa meal appears to be the most
efficient molt induction method, comparable with feed withdrawal.
However, long-term post molt performance of all the methods
employed in this study, needs to be evaluated in order to draw
comprehensive conclusions. [Life Science
Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (17) (ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.17
Keywords:
Molt induction, layer, egg production, egg quality, nonfeed
deprivation
#18
The evaluation of sodium bicarbonate and
hydroxy-βeta-cyclodextrin as treatments for organophosphor and
carbamate poisoning in poultry
R. S. Verster and M. Sekhesa
1Department
of Animal Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology,
Northwest University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2735 South
Africa. *Author for correspondence E-mail
20561776@nwu.ac.za
Cell (027)766296832; Tel 027 (18) 3892715 Fax 027 (18) 3892748
Abstract:
Organophosphorus and
carbamates are used world wide on a large scale and accidental
poisonings are often seen. The objective of the trials was to
evaluate newer antidotes, using chickens as experimental animals.
Pilot trials were done to establish the lethal dosages of each
poison. In Study 1, fourteen broilers were dosed orally with
diazinon at 8 mg/kg and seven broilers were also given sodium
bicarbonate at 504 mg/kg by intravenous route 30 minutes later. In
Study 2, fourteen broilers received coumaphos orally at 25 mg/kg
and 30 minutes later sodium bicarbonate was administered
intravenously at a dosage of 504 mg/kg to seven broilers. In
Study 3, fourteen broilers received aldicarb at 4 mg/kg and 30
minutes later seven broilers also received
hydroxypropyl-β-yclodextrin at 250 mg/kg intravenously. In all the
studies, the controls also received sterile, de-ionized
water intravenously 30 minutes after dosing as a placebo. The
results indicated that sodium bicarbonate had made a significant
difference (P < 0.05) to the survival times of broilers in trial 1
and trial 2. Hydroxypropyl-β-yclodextrin treated broilers also
had significant longer survival times (P < 0.05) than the controls
in trial 3. The final conclusion is that sodium bicarbonate has
the potential to inactivate organophosphors, while
hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin can be useful for lipid-soluble
insecticides with a molecular weight below 250 Daltons. The
recommendation is to administer these compounds as adjunctive
treatments together with the standard antidotes to improve the
outcome of organphosphor or carbamate poisoning.
[Life Science Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (18)
(ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.18
Keywords:
Organophosphors, carbamates, sodium
bicarbonate, cyclodextrins
#19
Soil Physical and Biological Properties as Influenced by the
Incorporation of Leaf Litter Biomass from Three Sub-tropical Fruit
Trees at Nelspruit,
Mpumalanga Province,
South Africa
Romeo
Nndamuleleni Murovhi 1 and Simeon Albert Materechera
2
1.
ARC-ITSC (Institute for Tropical and Sub-tropical Crops),
Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
2. North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Mmabatho,
2735, South Africa
E-mail:
romeo@arc.agric.za
Abstract
The majority of small-scale farmers in
sub-Saharan
Africa
rely on organic inputs to replenish soil nutrients. The
sub-tropical climate of Mpumalanga
Province
in
South Africa
favours the growth of tropical and sub-tropical fruit trees that
produces relatively low quality litter that can be used to manage
soil fertility. A pot experiment was conducted to assess the
effects of incorporating leaf litter from avocado (Persea
americana),
mango (Mangifera indica) and litchi (Litchi chinensis)
on soil properties. The treatments were a factorial combination of
leaf litter types (avocado, mango and litchi), application rates
(0, 1.6, and 3.3 t ha-1) and incubation periods (0, 6
and 12 months) laid in a randomised complete block design with
five replicates.
Soils that were amended with avocado
leaf litter had significantly higher (p<0.05) particulate organic
matter (1.53%) than mango (1.35%) and litchi (1.35%). The
stability of aggregates was significantly higher (p<0.05) in soil
amended with mango and litchi than avocado leaf litter. There
were positive and significant correlations between soil organic
carbon and particulate organic matter (r=0.62, p<0.05), microbial
biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen (r=0.73, p<0.05),
particulate organic matter and microbial biomass carbon (r=0.66,
p<0.05) and particulate organic matter and microbial biomass
nitrogen (r=0.65, p<0.05). It is
suggested that the amount of leaf litter applied was not large
enough to make significant changes on soil quality over the period
of incubation. The results suggest the need to increase the
application and incubation time of litter with low quality in
order to allow for decomposition of the organic materials to take
place. This has practical implication for farmers who manage such
leaf litter for increasing crop productivity. [Life Science
Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (19) (ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.19
Keywords:
Incubation period. Leaf litter biomass. Litter application. Soil
quality
#20
Settlement, Location and Rural
Production: an alternative configuration for growth in Sub-Saharan
Africa
Tabukeli Musigi Ruhiiga1
1Department
of Geography & Environmental Science, Mafikeng Campus, North West
University, Mmabatho 2735,
South Africa.
tabukeli.ruhiiga@nwu.ac.za
Abstract:
Studies of rural production systems, economic growth and poverty
reduction across developing countries consistently take settlement
for granted. This paper reports the results of a study centred on
the spatial ramifications of settlement, location and production
as an alternative platform in understanding variations in local
and regional economic growth. The study is based on a survey of
contemporary literature on rural poverty and production and
corresponding statistics on regional performance with reference to
infrastructure, services and the economy. The resulting
information gaps are identified and used to design an interaction
matrix in which settlement, location, and production are
superimposed to produce an alternative growth model. This is then
discussed in the context of empirical evidence, limitations and as
a potentially more viable vehicle than contemporary approaches in
economic growth and poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa.
[Life Science Journal. 2011;8(S1)] (20)
(ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.20
Key Words.
Economic growth; human settlements; agglomeration; land use
planning
#21
Coping with HIV/AIDS Stigma by Women
who lost their Partners to AIDS in the
North West
Province
Mofatiki Eva Manyedi 1, Minrie Greeff 3, Daleen Koen 2
1 North West University, Mafikeng Campus
2 North West University, Potchefstroom Campus
3 North West University, Potchefstroom Campus (Africa Unit for
Trans-cultural Health Research)
North West Province,
South Africa. 2735.
Eva.Manyedi@nwu.ac.za
Corresponding Author:
Dr M.E. Manyedi
P.O. Box 3402, Mmabatho. 2745, North West Province. South Africa,
E-mail:
Eva.Manyedi@nwu.ac.za
Abstract:
The aim of this article is to explore and describe how women who
lost their partners to the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
(AIDS) in the North West Province, cope with the stigma of the
disease. A phenomenological design was used. The sampling was
purposive and the sampling size was determined by data saturation,
with fifteen participants. The data was collected by means of a
single open-ended phenomenological question. Data analysis was
done by means of the technique of content analysis by Tesch. From
the results the following conclusions could be drawn: Women whose
partners died of AIDS cope by focusing on the problem which
includes positive and negative strategies such as undergoing
voluntary counseling and testing, disclosure of their HIV status,
seeking social support, adopting a healthy lifestyle,
non-disclosure, expression of grief and hurt and threatening
lawsuits against perpetrators of the stigma. Regarding coping by
focusing on emotions, strategies that arose from data analysis
included coping by self acceptance, support by the family members,
the emotional, social and the material support from families,
friends, neighbors and social welfare; seeking of spiritual
comfort, de-individualization of the disease, ignoring negative
remarks and attitudes and forgiving, blaming their late partner or
other people for their HIV status, and coping by using defense
mechanisms. The recommendations were made in the form of
strategies to assist these women to cope effectively with the
stigma. [Life Science Journal.
2011;8(S1)] (21) (ISSN: 1097 – 8135).
http://www.lifesciencesite.com.
doi:10.7537/marslsj0801s11.21
Key words:
Coping, stigma, stigmatization, partner, HIV/AIDS
The
manuscripts in this issue are presented as online first for
peer-review, starting from December 1, 2010.
All comments are welcome: editor@sciencepub.net
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