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Production of Bioethanol from Cassava Peels Using Isolate from Palm Wine

¹AGBO BERNADINE CHIKODILI, ²OBIKAEZE CHINECHEREM PRINCESS, ¹OKOLI NNENNA ROSEMARY, ¹OGBUE CHIBUIKE .J. AND ¹UDEH SUNDAY.

¹Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic Oko, Anambra State.

² Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Science, Legacy University Okija, Anambra State, Nigeria

 Email: Bernadinechikodili2017@gmail.com 09034697020

Abstract:

Bioethanol, an alcohol derived from microbial fermentation of carbohydrates found in various plants, has garnered significant attention as a renewable fuel source. This study aims to investigate bioethanol production from cassava peels using bacteria isolated from palm wine. The cassava peels were sourced from a local farm in Ubahumonum Okija, while fresh palm wine was obtained from Obele Nkwo, Ubahumonum Okija, both in Anambra state. These raw materials were processed in a microbiology laboratory at Legacy University Okija, where the cassava peels were washed, sundried, and milled into powdered form using crushing mortar. A standard media and biochemical test isolated the bacterium from the freshly tapped palm wine. Its morphological characteristic shows a bright-creamed-coloured colony and biochemical properties revealed that the isolate was rod-shaped, Gram-negative, and could ferment glucose, fructose and sucrose, also the isolate was urease-negative, indole-negative and oxidase-negative. The suspected bacterium was Zymomonas spp. Bioethanol production from cassava peels involved sugar fermentation using a conical flask and Zymomonas spp was used to ferment the substrate at 28°C for four days.  The distillation was carried out using a soxhlet extractor apparatus to distil the fermented cassava water, these showed a high ethanol yield of 97%, the distillation range was at 78°C and the flash point was 24°C. Furthermore, a confirmatory test was done using the iodoform test and a yellow precipitate formed, indicating the presence of ethanol. Integrating Zymomonas spp isolated from palm wine in bioethanol production from cassava peels holds promise for developing sustainable and environmentally friendly biofuels. This study lays the groundwork for further research to optimize fermentation conditions and scale up the process for commercial applications, thereby contributing to sustainable energy solutions and waste reduction.

[AGBO BERNADINE CHIKODILI, OBIKAEZE CHINECHEREM PRINCESS, OKOLI NNENNA ROSEMARY, OGBUE CHIBUIKE .J. AND UDEH SUNDAY. Production of Bioethanol from Cassava Peels Using Isolate from Palm Wine. Life Sci J 2026;23(10):1-5]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 01. doi:10.7537/marslsj231026.01

Keywords: Palm wine; Zymomonas spp; bioethanol; cassava peels; fermentation; ethanol yield; distillation; sustainability; renewable fuel; microbial fermentation; waste reduction; sustainable energy solutions.

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Concepts of Animal Disease Diagnosis, Classification and its Treatment

Abebe Mequanent

University of Gondar College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Gondar, Ethiopia, P.O. Box: 196.

E-mail: abebemequanent@gmail.com

Summary: Health is the state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Disease is any deviation from health is disease. Animal disease majorly classified in to three categories that are: classification on the basis of etiological factor involved (specific and nonspecific disease), classification on the basis of causative organism (infectious and noninfectious disease) and classification on the basis of onset of clinical sign (peracute, acute, subacute and chronic disease). Veterinary diagnosis relies on knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathology and Animal behavior, skills in the methods and techniques of clinical examination, clinical sign and pathogenesis of the diseases which are the basic requirements for clinician in his/her good diagnostic approach. Disease problems in veterinary medicine are invariably presented to the clinician through the medium of the owner’s complaint, which is a request for professional assistance by giving animal history. In any clinical examination procedures, it is necessary to employ some suitable means of restraint: physical, chemical or verbal, in order to be able to carry out the examination safely and without danger to the clinician or his assistants. Inspection, Palpation, percussion and auscultation are the commonly used methods of physical examination for assessing pathophysiological or anatomical abnormalities of given animal during clinical examination. Taking of vital parameters like: body temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, pulse rate and capillary refill time is very important in animal disease diagnosis.

[Abebe Mequanent. Concepts of Animal Disease Diagnosis, Classification and its Treatment. Life Sci J 2026;23(10):6-12]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 02. doi:10.7537/marslsj231026.02

Key words: Animal; classification; diagnosis; disease; treatment

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Degradation of Azo-dye (Disperse Red) Using Rhizosphere Bacterial Consortium

Aigere Sandra Patrick ¹, and Ogbugbue Chimezie Jason¹

¹ Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba, Rivers State. Nigeria.

¹email: aigeresandra@yahoo.com

Abstract: This study investigates the degradation of the azo dye (Disperse Red) using a rhizosphere bacterial consortium. Standard microbiological and molecular techniques were employed to isolate and identify organisms from rhizosphere soil. Degradation of azodye was carried out in a fabricated anoxic and oxic chambers with hydraulic retention time of 40hrs. Initial identification of the bacterial isolates through Gram’s reaction and biochemical tests revealed the presence of organisms belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Lysinibacillus, and Citrobacter. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses confirmed the isolates as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Pseudomonas chengduensis, and Citrobacter freundii. During the preliminary testing, the degradation efficiency was assessed under varying glucose concentrations. Higher decolorization rate of 56.17% was observed in the medium with 10% glucose after 72 hours, while the medium with 5% glucose achieved a 44.17% colour reduction. Notably, lower degradation rates recorded were 11.96% and 12.85% for the 5% and 10% dye enhance glucose mineral salt media, respectively. However, During the actual degradation testing in a double-chamber system enhanced with biochar, the first anaerobic cycle achieved a maximum decolorization of 71.95% after 94 hours, with the first aerobic cycle further enhancing degradation to 90.51%. The second anaerobic cycle increased degradation to 94.78%, and the final aerobic cycle achieved a decolorization of 98.47%. These results show that the rate of Disperse Red degradation is highly dependent on glucose levels and alternating anaerobic-aerobic conditions. This study demonstrates the potential of using rhizosphere bacterial consortia to bioremediate wastewater contaminated with azo dyes, offering an efficient and sustainable method of environmental management. The results underline the need of optimizing ambient conditions to increase microbial degradation processes.

[Aigere Sandra Patrick, Ogbugbue Chimezie Jason. Degradation of Azo-dye (Disperse Red) Using Rhizosphere Bacterial Consortium. Life Sci J 2026;23(10):13-21]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 03. doi:10.7537/marslsj231026.03

Keywords: Azo-Dye; Disperse Red

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REVIEW ON ANIMAL MICROBIOME: IT’S IMPORTANCE

¹Abebe Mihret, ²Beyenech Gebeyehu

¹North Gojjam Zone Livestock and Fisheries Resource Development Nominal Office, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

²Bahir Dar University College of Agricutlure and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Abebe Mihret Tsehay, abebemihret928@gmail.com

Beyenech Gebeyehu Alemu, beyu2007@gmail.com

Corresponding author: Abebe Mihret

E-mail: abebemihret928@gmail.com

Abstract: The microbiome of hosts, also known as microflora or microbiota, is routinely defined as all the microorganisms inhabiting a specific environment, and these terms are often used interchangeably. Gut microbial communities, composed of bacteria, ciliate and flagellate protozoa, anaerobic fungi, and viruses, play a vital role in nutritional, physiological, immunological, and protective functions of the host. The rumen is one of the most extensively studied and well-documented gut ecosystem because of the importance of ruminants to human nutrition and the major role played by rumen microbes in nutrition of the ruminant animal. Volatile fatty acids, principally acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are the major products of rumen microbial fermentation and are absorbed and used as energy sources by the host. The interaction between the host and microbes in the rumen is synergistic, in that the host provides heat, moisture and food, while the microorganisms produce protein and by-products of digestion, to use by the host. Bacteria are the most abundant microbes in the foregut of ruminant animals, with approximately 10¹⁰ – 10¹¹ cells/ml and over 200 species. The lower-gut microbiota diverge in composition according to intestinal segment, likely reflecting differences in physical, chemical, and biological conditions in each compartment. The association between the host and the microbiome is affected by a large number of abiotic and biotic factors. Culture-dependant identification techniques rely on various selective and enrichment culture conditions in order to replicate the microbes’ natural environment. Culture-independent methods, or, more specifically DNA-based methods of identification and detection of microorganisms, allow the examination of microbial communities at a molecular level.

[Abebe Mihret, Beyenech Gebeyehu. REVIEW ON ANIMAL MICROBIOME: IT’S IMPORTANCE. Life Sci J 2026;23(10):22-34]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 04. doi:10.7537/marslsj231026.04

Keywords: animal; bacteria; importance; microbiome; rumen

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A Review on Opportunities and Challenges for Livestock Production in Gonji Kolela District, Addis Alem, Ethiopia

¹Abebe Mihret, ²Beyenech Gebeyehu

¹North Gojjam Zone Livestock and Fisheries Resource Development Nominal Office, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

²Bahir Dar University College of Agricutlure and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Abebe Mihret Tsehay, abebemihret928@gmail.com

Beyenech Gebeyehu Alemu, beyu2007@gmail.com

Corresponding author: Abebe Mihret

E-mail: abebemihret928@gmail.com

Abstract: Livestock contributes immensely to rural livelihoods through numerous channels including income, food, employment, transport, draft power, manure, savings and insurance, social status among others. The major objectives of this paper are to review major problems facing livestock rearing in Gonji Kolela district and highlight the prevalent animal diseases in the district. Suitable agro-ecology of the District for livestock production, the presence of Washera sheep breed which are highly demanded in neighboring districts as well as in different research centers, presence of huge crop residues in the district for livestock feed and the readily available market for red meat are opportunities for livestock production in the Gonji Kolela District. Challenges facing livestock production in the district include diseases, feed shortage, inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding and Lack of support services. Anthrax, Blackleg and Ovine Pasteurellosis are categorized as the major bacterial diseases in the district and Lumpy Skin Disease, Sheep and Goat pox, New Castle Disease, Rabies, African Horse sickness and Infectious Bursal Disease are viral diseases present. Paramphystomiasis, Ascariasis, Strongylosis, Coccidiosis, Trichuriasis and infection with Moniezia are the endo-parasites. In the case of ectoparasites in sheep and goats, fleas were found frequently followed by lice. Different Measures have been taken to prevent and control the diseases, like vaccination and strategic deworming. In the district, only governmental budget is used for veterinary services, which is not enough to give full service. Non-governmental organizations should support veterinary services in the district.

[Abebe Mihret, Beyenech Gebeyehu. A Review on Opportunities and Challenges for Livestock Production in Gonji Kolela District, Addis Alem, Ethiopia. Life Sci J 2026;23(10):35-42]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 05. doi:10.7537/marslsj231026.05

Keywords: Challenges; Diseases; Gonji Kolela; Livestock; Opportunities

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