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Molecular and epidemiologic characterisation of selected tick-borne pathogens circulating in extensively reared cattle along the Ethiopian-Sudanese border region of Benishangul Gumuz, Western Ethiopia

Bayisa Kenaw^1,2, Shihun Shimelis², Berhanu Sibhat², Teshale Sori³, Peter Odhiambo Otieno⁴, Derje Kussa⁵, Getachew Abichu⁶, Jandouwe Villinger⁴, Dan Masiga⁴ and Shewit Kalayou⁴

1. Bureau of Agriculture, Benishangul-Gumuz regional state, Assosa, Ethiopia

2. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Ethiopia

3. College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishouftu, Ethiopia

4. International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya

5. International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

6. Animal Health Institute Sebta, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT: Ticks are widely distributed throughout Ethiopia, presenting a significant challenge to livestock and causing considerable economic losses that impact the livelihoods of resource-poor farming communities. This study aimed to assess the species composition and determine the prevalence of TBPs in extensively reared cattle populations at the border region of Ethiopia and Sudan. In a cross-sectional study conducted in the Benishangul-Gumuz region from July to November 2019, we collected 1,015 cattle blood samples. We identified TBPs in the samples by high-resolution melting analysis (HRM) analysis and representative sequencing of genus-specific PCR products. We detected TBPs in 78.1% of blood samples, including Anaplasma marginale (30%), Anaplasma platys (6.4%), Candidatus Anaplasma cinensis (7.4%), Anaplasma spp. (12.7%), Theileria velifera (29.4%), Theileria orientalis (20.9%), and Theileria sergenti (7.6%). Co-infection occurred in 36.6% of the samples, with A. marginale and T. velifera being the most frequent co-infection combination. Cattle in lowland regions faced a higher risk of TBP infections and the risk of Anaplasma spp. infection was greater in cattle from the Assosa District than those from the Bambasi District. Anaplasma was more prevalent in Assosa, while Theileria was more prevalent in Bambasi District. Candidatus Anaplasma cinenis was identified in the present study for the first time in Ethiopian livestock population. The findings of this study contribute to a better knowledge of the epidemiology of TBPs, enhancing the understanding of animal health practitioners and regional authorities in the context of transboundary tick-borne disease management in East Africa.

[Bayisa Kenaw, Shihun Shimelis, Berhanu Sibhat, Teshale Sori, Peter Odhiambo Otieno, Derje Kussa, Getachew Abichu, Jandouwe Villinger, Dan Masiga and Shewit Kalayou. Molecular and epidemiologic characterisation of selected tick-borne pathogens circulating in extensively reared cattle along the Ethiopian-Sudanese border region of Benishangul Gumuz, Western Ethiopia. Life Sci J 2025;22(11):1-17]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 01. doi:10.7537/marslsj221125.01

Keywords: co-infection; DNA; species; tick-borne pathogens; Anaplasma; Theileria

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Too Great to say Heaven

Sun Chunwu

Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China, mainly engaged in research on natural sciences, etc;

Retired unit, Jiangsu Yangzhou Huading Electrical Appliance Group Co., Ltd

Visiting Professor at the Talent Education and Training Center of the China Management Science Research Association

Email: yzscw0514@163.com WeChat account scw20171020 Postal code 225008

Abstract: Taiji Word s under Heaven" book is to decipher the scientific principles of Oriental mysticism Taiji Bagua map, with simple culture, combining education and fun throughout, specially for the majority of teenagers, scientific research enthusiasts and inventors and other people, customized to create more amazing new knowledge in today's scientific world. Let you through this book to read the universe from nothing to the world, from there to nothing and many other major world problems, with the least time to get the most new scientific knowledge, to enrich yourself, liberate yourself, do a superior ability know-it-all. For example, understanding the creation of the universe, the earth's mountains, and the production of water, plants, animals, and patients with diseases such as leukemia, cancer, AIDS, ankylosing spondylitis, and the new coronavirus virus provides problems of disease prevention and immediate cure. It is also scientists who seek her thousands of hundred, from the book to get enlightenment, such as Newton Einstein and other physical masters, a specific time to discover the laws of physics equations and so on. It is flexibly set on the physical problem of the dynamic field of the frame structure of the solution-theoretic system. The content of this book is the author's in-depth research and practice for decades. It is also suitable for all kinds of people to spend time reading, and the encyclopedia book that is necessary in Tihu's house.

[Sun Chunwu. Too Great to say Heaven. Life Sci J 2025;22(11):18-147]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 02. doi:10.7537/marslsj221125.02

Keywords: Taiji; culture; education; scientific research; enthusiast; inventor; people house

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ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY  PROFILE  OF SALMONELLA ISOLATES FROM CHICKEN FARMS  IN DANGUR DISTRICT, BENISHANGUL -GUMUZ REGIONAL STATE, WESTERN ETHIOPIA

Kebede Alga and Asmamaw Aki*

Assosa, Regional Veterinary Diagnostic, Surveillance, Monitoring and Study Laboratory, P.O. Box 326, Assosa, Ethiopia; asmamawaki@gmail.com,  phone: +251902330029/0922232353.

Abstract:

1.    Background:  Salmonellosis is an important disease of chicken all over the world and responsible to cause food borne disease. It is the leading cause of acute gastro enteritis  and continues to be  a major public health concern, particularly in developing countries.

2.    Objectives: across-sectional study was conducted from November 2024 to June 2025 to determine the prevalence, associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella isolates from  chicken farms in the three selected Kebeles of Dangur District, North western Ethiopia. Simple random sampling methods were used to select the Chicken farm included in the study. Swab samples were collected from chickens kept under intensive farming system.

3.    Methods: A total of 384 samples; each obtained from cloacal swab (n=288) and egg shell swab (n=96) were aseptically collected and examined using culturing and biochemical tests.

4.    Result:  Multi-variable binary logistic regression was used, to assess the strength of association of the risk factors (flock size, age, breed,  body conditions, previous disease history and  hygiene) with the prevalence of Salmonella in chicken.  The overall prevalence of Salmonella was 26.56% (102/384), from samples taken from cloacal swab of apparently health chicken and egg shell swab. Out of the 102  salmonella isolates, 89/288 (30.90%) and 13/96 (13.54%) Salmonella were identified from cloacal and egg shell surface swab samples, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were assessed for eight antimicrobials using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion methods. From 102 Salmonella isolates only 30 randomly selected isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test and the highest resistance was recorded to Amoxicillin (80%), followed by Tetracycline (66.66%),  Gentamycin (60%); Sulphonamide (56.66%); and Streptomycin (50%). 93.33 % of the isolates were developed Multi-drug resistance (MDR).

5.    Conclusion and Recommendation: The present study indicated a high prevalence of Salmonella from poultry farms and detection of MDR Salmonella isolates implies a high public health risk associated with Salmonella originating from Chicken. Hence collaboration in one health approach, farm surveillance, awareness creation, stringent antimicrobials uses regulations and policy are highly needed.

[Kebede Alga and Asmamaw Aki. ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY  PROFILE  OF SALMONELLA ISOLATES FROM CHICKEN FARMS  IN DANGUR DISTRICT, BENISHANGUL -GUMUZ REGIONAL STATE, WESTERN ETHIOPIA. Life Sci J 2025;22(11):148-167]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 03. doi:10.7537/marslsj221125.03

Key words: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile; Cloacal swab; Chickens; Dangur; Egg shell; Salmonella

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A Study on the Effects and Mechanisms of a Six-Dimensional Energy Drink Containing Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Selenium, Sodium, and Vitamin C on Health and Throat Protection.

Fang Liu (Zhuoyi Liu) ¹, Qi Xiao², Huaijie Zhu^1,3

¹Henan Zhuoyi Culture Communication Co., Ltd.186-3978-8010, Zhengzhou City，Henan, China;

1650451367@qq.com

²China Musicians' Association, Zhejiang Province Musicians Association, China。First-level composer

^1,3Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA. Jacksun Easy Biotech Inc.

New York，USA； Corresponding by Huaijie Zhu，917-635-2608， jacksun689@gmail.com

Abstract: Throat health is crucial for maintaining quality of life, communication, and respiratory and swallowing functions. Modern lifestyles constantly expose the throat to pathogens, environmental irritants, and physical and chemical stresses. While local treatments can alleviate symptoms, systemic nutritional support is the fundamental strategy for "healthy throats."Keywords: Trace elements, healthy longevity, healthy 120 years old, anti-aging, antioxidant, oxidative stress, minerals. This article systematically explores the unique roles and molecular mechanisms of six key nutrients—calcium, magnesium, zinc, selenium, sodium, and vitamin C—in maintaining throat health. Calcium and magnesium maintain laryngeal stability and prevent reflux by regulating neuromuscular function; zinc and vitamin C synergistically enhance immune defense, directly combating infection and promoting tissue repair; selenium, as an antioxidant center, forms an oxidative stress defense network together with vitamin C; and sodium plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barrier. These six nutrients work synergistically across multiple targets and levels to construct a comprehensive nutritional defense system that integrates "systemic health maintenance and localized throat protection," providing important theoretical basis and practical guidance for clinical nutritional intervention and daily care of throat health.

[Fang Liu (Zhuoyi Liu), Qi Xiao, Huaijie Zhu. A Study on the Effects and Mechanisms of a Six-Dimensional Energy Drink Containing Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Selenium, Sodium, and Vitamin C on Health and Throat Protection. Life Sci J 2025;22(11):168-170]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 04. doi:10.7537/marslsj221125.04

Keywords: Health and throat protection; calcium; magnesium; zinc; selenium; sodium; vitamin C; throat health; longevity; antioxidants

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Research and Development of Trace Elements Related with Human Health and Longevity

Fang Liu (Zhuoyi Liu) ¹, Qi Xiao², Huaijie Zhu^1,3

¹Henan Zhuoyi Culture Communication Co., Ltd.186-3978-8010, Zhengzhou City，Henan, China;

1650451367@qq.com ；

²China Musicians' Association, Zhejiang Province Musicians Association, China。First-level composer

^1,3Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA. Jacksun Easy Biotech Inc.

New York，USA； Corresponding by Huaijie Zhu，917-635-2608， jacksun689@gmail.com

Abstract: With societal development and the accelerating aging of the population, healthy longevity has become a major global public health goal and a research hotspot. Besides genetics, lifestyle, and macronutrients, micronutrients are playing an increasingly crucial role in maintaining human physiological functions, delaying aging, and preventing age-related diseases. This article systematically reviews the research on the correlation between essential trace elements such as zinc, selenium, iron, copper, manganese, and chromium and human health and longevity, and explores the reasons and mechanisms by which they affect the aging process through molecular mechanisms such as anti-oxidation, immune regulation, metabolic stabilization, and telomere maintenance. Meanwhile, this article also analyzes the challenges currently faced by trace element research in terms of detection methods, individual differences, and the establishment of causal relationships. It also provides an outlook on future research directions, including precision nutrition, multi-omics integration, and the development of novel functional foods. The aim is to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for intervention to achieve healthy aging through methods and measures to regulate and supplement trace elements.

[Fang Liu (Zhuoyi Liu), Qi Xiao, Huaijie Zhu. Research and Development of Trace Elements Related with Human Health and Longevity. Life Sci J 2025;22(11):171-173]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 05. doi:10.7537/marslsj221125.05

Keywords: Trace elements; healthy longevity; healthy 120 years old; anti-aging; antioxidant; oxidative stress; minerals

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