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Callus production and Micropropagation and Phytochemical Investigation of Corallocarpus epigaeus (Arn.) Cl. – A Potential Antidiabetic Medicinal Plant

Kaushik H Nakum, Vipul B Vaja, Kalpesh B Ishnava^*

P G Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar-388121, Gujarat, India.

^* Corresponding author: Email: kalpeshishnava@spuvvn.edu; Mobile No:+91-9824918606

ABSTRACT: The present study deals with the in vitro callus induction, micropropagation and phytochemical analysis of Corallocarpus epigaeus (Arn.) Cl. The tuber, node and leaf were used as explants and cultured on MS medium with different concentrations of NAA, 2,4-D, BAP and KN alone and different combinations for callus induction and micropropagation. The best callus formation of tuber explants was obtained on BAP: NAA (1:4.5mg/l) after 20 days of inoculation while the nodal explants show best callus formation on BA: NAA (2:1mg/l) after 10 days. Leaf explants not show callus induction in any combination. The nodal explants was selected for shoot multiplication and inoculated on MS media supplemented with the combination (BAP 1ppm : IBA 0.01ppm) of PGR shows the positive results of shoot multiplication and maximum shoot (3 shoots) obtained after 15 days of inoculation.  NAA (3ppm) of PGR shows the positive results of root production and maximum root (1root) and length (4cm) obtained after 25 days of inoculation. The present study showed successfully micropropagation of C. epigaeus. After 25-day callus of tuber explants was collected and subjected to phytochemical investigation which indicates the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, Phenols, steroids and saponins. The yield of alkaloids, flavonoids and Phenols are 4.71%, 0.23% and 0.013% respectively. Further study required for the large-scale production of secondary metabolites through callus production and also large-scale production of propagules required the standardization.

[Kaushik H Nakum, Vipul B Vaja, Kalpesh B Ishnava. Callus production and Micropropagation and Phytochemical Investigation of Corallocarpus epigaeus (Arn.) Cl. – A Potential Antidiabetic Medicinal Plant. Life Sci J 2025;22(7):1-12]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 01. doi:10.7537/marslsj220725.01

Key words: Corallocarpus epigaeus; Antidiabetic; MS medium; Callus; Micropropagation; Phytochemical analysis

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Paleolithic Adaptation Strategies in the Turan Region: Tectonic Dynamics, Loess Environments, and Open-Air Site Preferences

Kubaev S. Sh., Hotamova M., Mukhamedov Sh.

Kubaev Surat Sh., Associate Professor, Alfraganus University of the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation / Institute of History the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Yunusabad district, 4, apt. 12/17, Tashkent, 100093, Republic of Uzbekistan. E-mail: kubaev.surat@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0001-9761-8613; Khatamova Munira M., PhD, Director of the “Turon Regional Institute” Republic of Uzbekistan (Tashkent, Uzbekistan); E-mail: ordubaliq@gmail.com. ORCID: 0000-0002-4405-0048; Mukhamedov Sherzod., Lecturer, Alfraganus University of the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Innovation, Yakkasaray district, apartment 8/9, Tashkent, 100121, Republic of Uzbekistan. E-mail: m_sherzod83@mail.ru. ORCID: 0000-0002-5758-4110

Abstract: This article presents a new interpretive model of human adaptation strategies during the Paleolithic period in the Turan region of Central Asia. While most previous studies have focused on lithic typology and technological characteristics, this research foregrounds the spatial logic of human behavior in relation to tectonic instability, loess landforms, and paleoclimatic fluctuations. Through the comparative analysis of open-air sites such as Kulbulak, Gofilibad, Arkutsay, Butabulak, and the Samarkand complex (Qo‘tirbuloq, Siyobcha, Zirabuloq), the study identifies adaptation patterns grounded in what may be called risk-driven opportunism—a strategic model where human groups deliberately occupied unstable yet resource-rich zones. These settlement strategies range from short-term use of erosion-prone terraces to long-term habitation in spring-fed loess foothills. Rather than seeking protection in caves, many groups optimized access to water, toolstone, and favorable microclimates, even when exposed to tectonic risks and shifting environmental conditions. The integration of geological and archaeological data allows for the reconstruction of behavioral models linking natural hazards with spatial decision-making. By comparing these patterns with global sites such as Olduvai Gorge, Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, and Bilzingsleben, the article positions the Turan region not as peripheral but as a zone of dynamic ecological engagement. This research contributes a regionally specific yet globally relevant framework for understanding human-environment interaction beyond sheltered ecologies, emphasizing loess landscapes and the strategic agency of Paleolithic groups facing uncertainty.

[Kubaev S. Sh., Hotamova M., Mukhamedov Sh. Paleolithic Adaptation Strategies in the Turan Region: Tectonic Dynamics, Loess Environments, and Open-Air Site Preferences. Life Sci J 2025;22(7):13-19]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 02. doi:10.7537/marslsj220725.02

Keywords: Paleolithic adaptation; Turan region; Open-air sites; Loess environments; Tectonic activity; Climate fluctuations; Risk-driven opportunism; Human-environment interaction

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Evaluating the Stability, Biocompatibility, and Efficacy of Chitosan-Phloroglucinol Composite for Wound Healing Applications

Harisankar KC^a, S Visnuvinayagam^b, Pavan Kumar Dara^c, Vinu Vijayan^b, Lekshmi RG Kumar^a, Tejpal CS^a, Dhandapani N ^d, Anandan R^a*  

^aBiochemistry & Nutrition Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, Kerala, 682029, India; ^bMicrobiology, Fermentation & Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, Kerala, 682029, India; ^c Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRMIST, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu; ^dRVS College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sulur, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641402, India

* Corresponding author: Dr. Rangasamy Anandan (kranandan@rediffmail.com)

Abstract: This study investigates the development and characterization of a chitosan-phloroglucinol composite, focusing on its size, zeta potential, cytotoxicity, and wound healing properties. The composite exhibited a higher zeta potential, indicating excellent stability. Cytotoxicity analysis in the L929 cell line revealed that phloroglucinol alone had an IC₅₀ value of 27.60 ± 1.28 µg/ml, indicating significant toxicity. In contrast, the chitosan-phloroglucinol composite showed a higher IC₅₀ value of 81.94 ± 4.28 µg/ml, suggesting a reduced toxicity profile compared to phloroglucinol alone. The wound healing potential of the composite was evaluated using a scratch assay, demonstrating a significant reduction in the scratch area of 93.15±4.65%, compared to 41.95±2.09% in control cells. Altogether, the present research observation indicated the wound-healing potential of chitosan-phloroglucinol composite as a safe, effective, and non-toxic material for the future experimental and clinical treatment of wounds.

[Harisankar KC, S Visnuvinayagam, Pavan Kumar Dara, Vinu Vijayan, Lekshmi RG Kumar, Tejpal CS, Dhandapani N, Anandan R. Evaluating the Stability, Biocompatibility, and Efficacy of Chitosan-Phloroglucinol Composite for Wound Healing Applications. Life Sci J 2025;22(7):20-27]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 03. doi:10.7537/marslsj220725.03

Keywords: Chitosan; phloroglucinol; L929 cell line; wound healing activity

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Geology, Geomorphology and Economic Potentiality of Al Barzah Depression, West Central Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia

Ali A. Mesaed^{1, 3} and Nawaf Almuntshry²

1 Geo-Exploration Techniques Department, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA; 2 Head of Structural Geology and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA; 3 Geology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

1, 3 alimesaed@yahoo.com; 2 nalmuntshry@kau.edu.sa

Abstract: The study area located in the west central part of Saudi Arabia. It is about 150km NE of Jeddah city, and it is reached by highway from Al Haramain Road to the East and then NE.  The present study aims to shed light on the geology, geomorphology and economic potentiality of Al Barzah area. The present study is based on the regional and detailed field works and mega-and microscopic investigations.  Geomorphologically, the study area represents a closed depression occupied by Quaternary wadi deposits within the Arabian shield rocks. The rock units of the study area include gabbro, diorite and rhyolites of the Kamile suite that intruded by the Hashash Granites. The Hashash granite is highly weathered and is overlained by red clays and oolitic ironstones of Haddat Asham Formation. Tertiary black basalt (harrat) is present in the topmost part of the high scarps of the depression. The area is of characteristic geomorphologic features where it is bounded by scarps from the overall directions and comprises many residual landforms. The Quaternary groundwater aquifer is about 50m thick, and it is composed from gravels, sands. Many cultivated lands are present within the study area. The present study concludes the importance of Al Barzah area where it contains many natural resources. i.e. clay deposits, oolitic iron ores, granitic and basaltic rocks. Also, large areas of cultivated lands and Quaternary groundwater aquifers are present.

[Ali A. Mesaed and Nawaf Almuntshry. Geology, Geomorphology and Economic Potentiality of Al Barzah Depression, West Central Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia. Life Sci J 2025;22(7):28-46]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 04. doi:10.7537/marslsj220725.04

Keywords: Al Barzah; Geomorphology of Saudi Arabia; Landforms Evolution; Geology of Makkah area; Arabian Shield

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Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors and Drug Susceptible Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Milk in Assosa Town, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State

Fesseha Kelemework

Veterinary Public Health Expert at Assosa town office of Agriculture, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Assosa, Ethiopia

workuhaile29@gmail.com

Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is pathogenic bacterium contaminating milk and milk products causing food poisoning primarily due to its enterotoxins. A cross - sectional study design was conducted from November 2023 to May 2024 in Assosa administrative town, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia, to estimate prevalence, risk factors, public health significance and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of S.aureus from cows’ milk. A cross-sectional study was employed to collect a total of 384 samples; of this 134 milk sample, 134 udder swabs, 52 hand swabs, and 64 container swabs were included. Multivariable binary Logistic regression analysis of the effect of different risk factors on the prevalence of S.aureus was performed. Isolation and identification of S. aureus were carried out following standard microbiological techniques. There was statistically a significant difference (P < 0.05) in isolation of S.aureus among isolates from different sources and factors (udder swab, parity, age, BCS, udder washing, previous udder treatment and drainage). The study has also showed relatively a higher contamination rate of S.aureus from udder swab. From the total of 384 samples examined, the overall prevalence of S. aureus was 73/384 (19.01%). The prevalence of S. aureus in cow milk, udder swab, hand swab and container swab were 10.47%, 24.63%, 23.08% and 15.62% respectively. Based on availability of antibiotic disc out of 73 identified S.aureus, 36 isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests for seven selected antibiotic discs available in the market. The isolates were highly susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (100%) and Gentamicin (100%) followed by Cefoxitin (94%) and Chloramphenicol (94%).  However, they were highly resistant to penicillin (100%) and Amoxicillin (92%). Lack of stringent regulation and monitoring in the dispensing and use of antimicrobials in the area might contribute to the occurrence of high antimicrobial resistance to these drugs. An attempt was made to assess the milk handling practices and consumption behavior of actors using semi structured questionnaire survey that include farmers, consumers and hotel/café owners. In general, the study has revealed the possibility of public health risk posed by S.aureus in Assosa town. Creation of public awareness about good milk handling practices, pasteurization or boiling of milk prior to consumption, rational use of drugs and periodic assessment of the antimicrobial sensitivity of drugs prior to use is recommended.

[Fesseha Kelemework. Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors and Drug Susceptible Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Milk in Assosa Town, Benishangul Gumuz Regional State. Life Sci J 2025;22(7):47-61]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 05. doi:10.7537/marslsj220725.05

Key words: Antimicrobial, Assosa, Bovine milk, prevalence, Public health, S. aureus

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Theoretical breakthroughs in the unified representation of aesthetics across modalities from the perspective of computational aesthetics

BU Wei

School of Architecture and Design, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang Harbin.

Abstract: Cross-modal aesthetic understanding is a key bottleneck for artificial intelligence to move towards general intelligence. The core challenge lies in how to establish a unified aesthetic representation theory that can connect different sensory modalities. This research is based on the core proposition of computational aesthetics - that is, the mathematical structure of "beauty" can be calculated and represented, and is committed to deepening this proposition in a cross-modal context to solve the key problem of how aesthetic universality manifests in heterogeneous information. This paper systematically analyzes the limitations of existing research in aesthetic semantic alignment, capture of higher-order concepts, and cultural adaptation, and proposes a unified representation theoretical framework centered on the "aesthetic essential space". This framework achieves the stripping and alignment of high-level aesthetic semantics by introducing "aesthetic concept prototypes" as spatial primitives and constructing a "semantic-emotion" collaborative mapping mechanism. Experiments show that the model based on this theory significantly outperforms the baseline in cross-modal aesthetic evaluation, retrieval and generation tasks, verifying its breakthrough value in bridging the "semantic gap" and laying a theoretical foundation for constructing interpretable and generalizable cross-modal aesthetic computing models.

[BU Wei. Theoretical breakthroughs in the unified representation of aesthetics across modalities from the perspective of computational aesthetics. Life Sci J 2025;22(7):62-67]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 01. doi:10.7537/marslsj220725.01

Keywords: Computational aesthetics; Cross-modal characterization; Aesthetic essential space; Concept prototype; Semantic alignment

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