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ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE EXTRACTS OF Piper guineense (Schumach), and Zingiber officinale (Roscoe) AND HONEY ON SELECTED PNEUMONIC BACTERIA IN NIGERIA

Komolafe Busuyi Michael¹, Adebolu Tinuola Tokunbo², Oladejo Babayemi Olawale²

^1,2 Training Department, Federal Road Safety Corps, Nigeria/ Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

² Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

E-mail: komolafebusuyi19@gmail.com; bm.komolafe@frsc.gov.ng

ABSTRACT: Aim and Objective: Pneumonia is still a serious disease in most developing countries. Although, pneumonia can be treated with antibiotics but the issue of bacterial resistance to antibiotics leads to treatment failure. Therefore, there is the need to seek for alternative therapy of this infection. In this study, different extracts of Piper guineense (Seed), rhizome of Zingiber officinale and honey used to treat different ailments in folk medicine were examined for possible antibacterial activity on commonly encountered pneumonic bacteria in Ondo State, Southwest, Nigeria.  The seeds of Piper guineense (African Black Pepper) and rhizome of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) were separately extracted using ethanol, N-hexane and hot water according to standard methods. Susceptibility of selected pneumonic bacteria to the extracts and honey singly and in combinations was determined using agar diffusion assay. The MIC, the MBC and the phytochemical profile of the extracts were carried out using standard methods. The in-vitro antibacterial assay of the different extracts of seed of Piper guineense, rhizome of Zingiber offiniale and honey shows that they exerted growth inhibitory activity on the test pneumonic bacteria with zone diameter ranging from 6.25 to 21.25mm which was superior to the one mediated by control antibiotics (amoxicillin, perfloxacilin, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol) used with zone diameter ranging from 1.25 to 16.0mm.  Phytochemicals such as saponin, tannin, flavonoid, terpenoid, alkaloid and cardiac glycosides were detected in the extracts and honey. The findings showed that the different extracts of seeds of Piper guineense, rhizome of Zingiber officinale and honey exerted growth inhibitory activity that was superior to that of the antibiotics used against the test pneumonic bacteria in the in-vitro assay. Therefore the extracts has novel antibacterial properties that could be harnessed as alternatives for treating bacterial pneumonia.

[Komolafe Busuyi Michael, Adebolu Tinuola Tokunbo, Oladejo Babayemi Olawale. ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE EXTRACTS OF Piper guineense (Schumach), and Zingiber officinale (Roscoe) AND HONEY ON SELECTED PNEUMONIC BACTERIA IN NIGERIA. Nat Sci 2024,22(4):1-8]. ISSN 1545-0740 (print); ISSN 2375-7167(online). http://www.sciencepub.net/nature 01. doi:10.7537/marsnsj220424.01.

Keywords: Piper guineense, Zingiber officinale, honey, Pneumonic Bacteria, antibacterial activities

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A Comprehensive Review on Lantana camara: An Important Medicinal and Ornamental Plant

Muzammil Shah ^*, Hesham F. Alharby, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Mohd Munawar

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

*  Correspondence: muzammilshah100@outlook.com

Abstract

In the present era researchers are focusing on medicinal plant research throughout the world as medicinal plants are important and cheap source of drugs and have a long history. Most of the remedies in the traditional system were taken from plants due to lack of technology and using plants as medicines were proven to be useful. Lantana camara L. is an important medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to family Verbenaceae. The plant is a rich source of medicinal compounds and that is the reason it has been used for the treatment of various ailments i.e. malaria, cough, fever cold and cough etc. Several essential phytochemicals have been isolated from L.camara L. and the plant was reported to possess important compounds including triterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids and tannins. Moreover, it is also known as an essential oil producing plant and the essential oil is available in the market known as Lantana oils. Thus due to the above mentioned economic as well as medicinal properties of Lantana camara L. Here we report a comprehensive review on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Lantana camara L. This review will serve as a baseline for researchers working in the field of genomics and molecular studies of medicinal plants.

[Muzammil Shah ^, Hesham F. Alharby, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Mohd Munawar. A Comprehensive Review on Lantana camara: An Important Medicinal and Ornamental Plant. Life Sci J 2024;21(3):10-17]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 02. doi:10.7537/marslsj210324.02.

Keywords: Comprehensive; Review; Lantana camara; Medicinal; Ornamental Plant

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An overview of Stress in cellular and molecular levels and the importance of studying responses to stresses in biology

Farhad Hariri Akbari^*

Department of  Biology,  Biotechnical Faculty, University of  Ljubljana, Slovenia

Corresponding author email: Hariri.a.farhad267@gmail.com or www.linkedin.com/in/farhad-hariri-akbari

Abstract: Stress in psychology and biology is defined as any environmental or physical pressure that elicits a response from an organism. In most cases, stress promotes survival because it forces organisms to adapt rapidly for changing environmental or internal conditions. Whether cells encounter to stresses, responses highly could be different pertain on their environments, duration, type of stresses as well as kind of cell. Living organisms can respond to stresses by various mechanisms. There are often interactions between disparate responses that finally determine the destiny of the cell under stress from the activation of survival pathways to initiation of eliminating damaged cells. The most crucial roles in responding to stress are played by Signal Transduction Systems which are involved in many cellular processes as well as regulating and maintaining internal micro environmental and homeostasis, differentiation, proliferation or finally the cell death. These processes are highly conserved in organisms during evolution. Mammalian cell mechanisms respond to different stresses include; the DNA damage, the unfolded protein, mitochondrial signaling stress, proliferation or elimination of damaged cells responses. Plant and microorganisms have three levels of defending against stresses, Plasma membrane and cell wall (1), cytosolic and molecular adaptability such as salt-in, salt-out and Compatible solutes strategies (2) and finally gene regulation (3). New evidence recently shows that interaction through biotic and abiotic stresses causes to positive effects on gaining more tolerance and performance in plants under stressed environment with increasing threshold to stressors by crosstalk mechanism which lead to cross-tolerance and enhancement of a plant’s resistance against pathogens. In this review we are going to discuss the stress in three aspects; Basic principles of stress (1), stress response fundamental mechanisms(2) and Relation of stress response and defense mechanisms in three domains of lives (3) at the end using stress Responses to ameliorate diseases has been explained.

[Farhad Hariri Akbari. An overview of Stress in cellular and molecular levels and the importance of studying responses to stresses in biology. Life Sci J 2024;21(3):18-37]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com.03. doi:10.7537/marslsj210324.03.

Key words: Abiotic and Biotic stresses, Stress Response, Signal Transduction System, Defense Mechanisms and Diseases.

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A Comprehensive Review on Effects of Soil Pollutants on Pheretima spp. of Earthworm

Maria Rasheed

Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

mariaashab97@gmail.com

Abstract: Soil pollution due to addition of heavy metal has increased to a large extent that survival of human is under threat in such areas. These heavy metals are entering to the environment mainly as a result of anthropogenic activities and becoming hazardous to all living organism. Earthworms are important organisms regarded as macro invertebrates inhabiting the soil and contributing to soil fertility and enhancing organic matter availability to soil. But due to the presence of heavy metals in soil, populations of earthworms are influenced and decreased in areas having high concentrations of heavy metals. Earthworms are also important for ecotoxicological studies as they are indicator of soil pollution. Earthworms have ability to bioaccumulate Sewage water in their body tissues and there are several studies in this regard in which earthworms are used to remove heavy metals from soil known as vermicomposting. Although the toxicity of metal contaminated soils has been assessed with various bioassays, more information is needed about the biochemical responses, which may help to elucidate the mechanisms involved in metal toxicity. In this review, we describe recent studies concerning the relationship between earthworms and soil pollutants, and discuss the possibility of using the earthworm as a bio-monitoring organism for soil pollution.

[Maria Rasheed. A Comprehensive Review on Effects of Soil Pollutants on DNA Damage of Pheretima spp. of Earthworm. Life Sci J 2024;21(3):38-52]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 04. doi:10.7537/marslsj210324.04.

Key words: Soil Pollutants, DNA Damage, Earthworm

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EFFECTIVENESS OF GRAFTING TO IMPROVE SALT TOLERANCE IN CHICKPEA

(CICER ARIETINUM L.)

Dr. Richa Chauhan*, Dr. NP Singh** and Dr. Avnish Chauhan***

*Chaman Lal Mahavidyalaya, Landhaura, Roorkee, Haridwar Distt., UK, India.

**Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, UP, India.

***Department of Environmental Science,

Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, UK, India.

Corresponding author Email: avnishchauhan_in@yahoo.com

Abstract: The effect of sodium chloride salinity on plant growth was studied in seven cultivars in chickpea. With increasing salinity level resulted in a progressive absorption of Na⁺ in determinant of K⁺ , thereby increasing Na⁺:K⁺ ration and causing an ionic disequilibrium which possibly suppressed plant growth. Genotype, K 850 showed maximum germination under 1.71 mMNaCl. Genotype CSG 8890 showed maximum reduction in radical as well as plumule length and minimum with Bio 201. Grafting high yielding but salt- susceptible chickpea cultivars onto salt resistant/tolerant root stocks is a sustainable strategy to overcome saline stress. The positive response of grafting exerted by tolerant rootstocks or scion-rootstock interactions on yield and pod characteristics of chickpea under saline conditions is attributed to several physiological and biochemical changes. In this paper, the importance of chickpea grafting, strategies to select appropriate rootstocks, scion-rootstock interaction for growth, yield and quality characteristics, as well as the tolerance mechanisms that (grafted) plants deploy to circumvent or minimize the effects of salt stress in root zones are discussed.

[Dr. Richa Chauhan, Dr. NP Singh and Dr. Avnish Chauhan. EFFECTIVENESS OF GRAFTING TO IMPROVE SALT TOLERANCE IN CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.). Life Sci J 2024;21(3):53-60]. ISSN 1097-8135 (print); ISSN 2372-613X (online). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 05. doi:10.7537/marslsj210324.05.

Key Words: Salt, NaCl, Na/K ratio, Plant growth, salt resistant, salt susceptible, Cicer arietinum L. genotypes , Grafting

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